银杏叶提取物对发酵乳贮藏期理化和感官特性的影响

[目的] 考察不同添加量银杏叶提取物对发酵乳贮藏期品质的影响。[方法] 采用持水率、黏度、乳酸菌活菌数、抗氧化能力、感官评价方法测定不同添加量银杏叶提取物制备的发酵乳,并结合多元统计分析方法进行分析。[结果] 银杏叶提取物对乳酸杆菌和链球菌的活力没有显著影响,为保证活菌数在1.0×10⁷ CFU/g以上,建议该发酵乳最多冷藏9 天。在酸奶中添加银杏叶提取物可提高其抗氧化特性。添加银杏叶提取物的酸奶样品与对照组在风味和口感方面存在差异,且添加量越大差异越明显。[结论] 银杏叶提取物本身作为一种中成药,具有成为一种新的功能性酸奶成分的巨大潜力。     

褪黑素的生物合成及对繁殖性能的影响

褪黑素是一种广泛存在于动物体内的激素,不仅能够调节动物昼夜节律,还能够从多方面影响动物的繁殖性能,对于季节性繁殖动物,褪黑素根据日照时长的变化表现出抑制或促进繁殖性能的作用。对于幼年动物,褪黑素表现出抑制发情的作用,体成熟后则表现促进发情的作用。褪黑素主要通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴调控动物繁殖活动,除此之外,褪黑素还能够直接作用于生殖系统甚至早期胚胎,通过提高组织及细胞抗炎及抗氧化功能来改善动物繁殖性能。目前,褪黑素能够用于治疗精神疾病及炎症、促进畜禽繁殖和调节昼夜节律,是相关研究领域的热门话题。本文详细描述了褪黑素的生物合成以及分泌调控,并结合褪黑素的生理功能,阐述了对动物繁殖性能以及辅助生殖的影响。     

不同提取方法山苍子油的化学成分与抗氧化活性分析

【目的】比较不同提取方法对山苍子油提取效率与抗氧化活性的影响,通过 GC-MS分析,研究山苍子油成分构成与抗氧化活性的内在关联,分析山苍子油抗氧化活性的主要物质基础。【方法】采用液液萃取(分别加以超声波与磁化辅助处理)、二氧化碳超临界萃取以及水蒸气蒸馏法提取山苍子油,DPPH 法比较不同提取方式对山苍子油抗氧化活力的影响,GC-MS分析山苍子油的主要成分,并以1,4－二溴苯为内标,采用面积归化法解析主要成分的相对含量。【结果】山苍子油具有显著的抗氧化活性。液液萃取法的提取效率与山苍子油抗氧化活性最高,超声波辅助处理油得率最高,为26.3%,磁化辅助处理抗氧化活性最优,达到31.22 mg·mL －1( IC50),二氧化碳超临界萃取法次之,抗氧化活性为56.95 mg·mL －1( IC50),水蒸气蒸馏法抗氧化活性最弱,为64.95 mg·mL －1( IC50); GC-MS分析检测出122种以上的化合物,包括12种脂肪酸,16种萜烯,18种含氧萜烯以及其他微量化合物包括烯烃、醇、酮类与烷烃等。GC-MS分析结果表明：山苍子干果主要成分为饱和脂肪酸(月桂酸等)、不饱和脂肪酸(9,12－十八碳二烯酸、9－十八碳烯酸等)以及α蒎烯、β蒎烯、柠檬烯等萜烯、氧化萜烯类物质。液液萃取法得到的山苍子油脂肪酸含量(53.51%～66.61%)明显高于二氧化碳超临界萃取(17.64%)与水蒸气蒸馏法(8.1%),而二氧化碳超临界萃取与水蒸气蒸馏法得到的萜烯、氧化萜烯类含量分别达到29.37%和17.69%,明显高于液液萃取法(6.49%～9.75%)。【结论】磁化辅助处理有利于抗氧化活性物质的提取,且不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高;超声波辅助处理可以提升油的得率;水蒸气蒸馏法和超临界流体萃取法更有利于萜烯类化合物的获取;联系到水蒸气蒸馏法得到的山苍子油富含萜烯化合物却显示较低的抗氧化活性(64.95 mg·mL －1 ),色谱级的柠檬醛抗氧化活性最低(74.33 mg·mL －1),因此推测脂肪酸成分(特别是不饱和脂肪酸)是山苍子油抗氧化活性的主要物质基础。     

桑黄菌丝体中多糖提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性分析

为了研究桑黄菌丝体中桑黄多糖的提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性,利用热水浸提法,在单因素实验结果的基础上,采用多因素正交试验对桑黄菌丝体中桑黄多糖的提取工艺进行优化,并通过检测桑黄多糖清除ABTS+.和DPPH.自由基的能力来初步评价其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：桑黄多糖最佳提取工艺为提取时间2.5 h,提取温度60 ℃,提取次数3次,液料比为14倍,在该最佳提取条件下桑黄多糖得率为4.97%；体外抗氧化活性实验结果表明,桑黄多糖的ABTS+.和DPPH.自由基清除能力有良好的剂量－效应关系,对ABTS+.和DPPH.的最高清除率分别为73.54%和88.83%。表明优化的桑黄液体发酵菌丝体中桑黄多糖提取工艺合理、可行,桑黄多糖有较强的体外抗氧化活性,可用于功能性食品和药剂的开发利用。     

The impact of foliar fertilizers on growth and biochemical responses of Thymus vulgaris to salinity stress

Salinity reduces plant biomass and may lead to death when severe. To cope with the negative effects of this stress, plant species present specific physiological or biochemical responses. In this work, we hypothesized that spraying salt-stressed thyme leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ could mitigate the negative effects of salinity on plant growth and metabolism. To test this hypothesis, we grew thyme plants under salinity stress for two and four weeks before applying foliar sprays. Also, to test the effect of stress relief, treated plants were allowed two weeks of recovery after four weeks of salt stress. In general, after two and four weeks of salinity stress, the leaf fresh weight of thyme plants was reduced by 31 and 43%, respectively. Salinity also decreased the relative water content, water, and osmotic potentials and led to ion imbalances and nutrient deficiencies. Salinity altered concentration of some essential oils, but leaf antioxidant contents remained fairly stable, except for a significant increase for plants under NaCl?+?KCl two weeks after treatment. Our results indicated that stressed plants accumulated significantly more soluble sugars and amino acids in comparison with the control. Foliar sprays with KCl and CaCl₂ reversed the negative effects of salinity on plant biomass and induced the accumulations of compatible solutes. Moreover, concentrations of some essential oils and gallic acid increased in sprayed plants, but these effects were dependent on the type and duration of the treatment. Overall, spraying leaves with K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was able to mitigate salinity stress in Thymus vulgaris even during the recovery period.     

油菜籽来源抗氧化物质研究进展

油菜籽中含有多种具有抗氧化活性的物质，为抵御机体的氧化损伤起到了积极作用。本文综述了油菜籽来源的诸多抗氧化活性成分及抗氧化活性的评价方法。油菜籽主要的抗氧化成分有肽类、多酚类、多糖类、生育酚和其它抗氧化成分，其中的肽类主要有三种产生方式：非消化酶酶解、消化酶酶解和发酵。针对油菜籽来源的活性物质抗氧化活性的评价方法，包括体外测定方法（化学检测）和细胞内抗氧化实验和动物实验。综述还探讨了油菜籽抗氧化活性成分研究中存在的问题和解决方法，旨在为油菜籽活性成分的开发和利用提供参考。     

叶面喷施外源物质对黄瓜商品苗贮运质量的影响

为了探究叶面喷施外源物质对黄瓜商品苗贮运质量的提升效果,研究蔬菜育苗生产中常用的寡聚糖、壮苗1号和植物益生源对贮运0、3、6 d黄瓜穴盘苗质量的影响。结果表明:与喷施清水的对照相比,壮苗1号可以抑制幼苗徒长,增加地下部干质量,维持较高的壮苗指数、比叶重和叶绿素含量,而植物益生源和寡聚糖对幼苗各生长指标的影响较小。因此,推荐叶面喷施壮苗1号来提高黄瓜商品苗的贮运质量。     

Purification and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Fermented Fish Sauce (Budu)

This study aimed to isolate antioxidant peptides from Budu extract and identify novel antioxidant peptides using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF MS/MS). An amino acid analyzer was used to analyze the amino acid composition of peptides. Two novel peptides, Lue-Asp-Asp-Pro-Val-Phe-Ile-His (LDDPVFIH) and Val-Ala-Ala-Gly-Arg-Thr-Asp-Ala-Gly-Val-His (VAAGRTDAGVH), were identified. The synthesized peptide of LDDPVFIH showed higher antioxidant activity. The presence of hydrophobic amino acids (Ile and Leu), acidic (Asp) and basic (His) amino acids in the peptide sequences is believed to contribute to the high antioxidant activity of the fermented anchovy fish (Budu) extract. Thus, the two peptides may have potential application as functional foods and could also be used as nutraceutical compounds.     

Assessment of Bioactive Potential of Aqueous Protein Extracts from Diatoms Nitzschia laevis,Spirulina platensis,and Chlorella vulgaris

The bioactivities of protein extracts from Nitzschia laevis, Spirulina platensis, and Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated in vitro. Free radical scavenging potential, reducing power, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, superoxide anion radical, xanthine oxidase inhibition, and potential to inhibit angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) and acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) were studied. Nitzschia protein extracts showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities, reducing power, and ACE inhibitory activity. Spirulina’s proteins showed the highest 2,2′-Azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, xanthine oxidase, and AChE inhibition activities. Aqueous protein extracts from Nitzschia, Spirulina, and Chlorella showed in vitro antioxidant, anti-ACE, and anti-AChE activities, suggesting possible new sources of bioactive proteins of different phyla with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials.     

Influence of Degree of Hydrolysis on Chemical Composition,Functional Properties,and Antioxidant Activities of Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) Hydrolysates Obtained by Using Alcalase 2.4L

Protein hydrolysates from Chinese sturgeon were prepared using Alcalase 2.4L enzyme. Under the optimum conditions (enzyme–substrate ratio of 3.5%, pH of 8.5, and temperature of 55°C), the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was 13.8%, 16.7%, and 19.1% after 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. The contents of crude protein and amino acid increased at DH of 19.1% to 86.97% and 78.29%, respectively. There was an obvious increase in the low-molecular-weight peptides, which could enhance the hydrolysate’s functional properties such as solubility, representing more than 90% at different pH levels. The obtained protein hydrolysates revealed good emulsification properties and high oil absorption. Furthermore, good antioxidant activities such as 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition, ferric reducing power, and ferrous ion (Fe²⁺⁾ chelating ability were attained depending on the solution concentration. The findings indicate that the functional and antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates could be useful in many applications of the food industry.